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Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is not curable for most people, but treatment can control it well and relieve symptoms for years.
Causes & risk factors
- Cause is usually unknown
- Increasing age (mostly over 60)
- Being male, and of African ancestry (higher risk)
- A pre-cancerous condition called MGUS
- Family history in a minority of cases
Common symptoms
- Bone pain, often in the back or ribs
- Bones that fracture easily
- Tiredness from anaemia
- Frequent infections
- Excess calcium — thirst, confusion, constipation
- Kidney problems
Tests & diagnosis
- Full blood count
- Calcium level
- Kidney function tests
- Blood and urine tests for abnormal proteins
- Bone marrow biopsy and imaging of bones
Treatment & management
- Chemotherapy and targeted drug combinations
- Steroids as part of treatment
- Stem-cell transplant in suitable patients
- Bone-strengthening medicines and radiotherapy for bone pain
- Treatment aims to control the disease and protect quality of life
When to see a doctor urgently
- Persistent or unexplained bone pain, especially in the back
- A bone that breaks after a minor injury
- Unexplained tiredness, repeated infections or excessive thirst
Frequently asked questions
Is multiple myeloma the same as bone cancer?
Not quite. It starts in plasma cells in the bone marrow rather than in the bone itself, but it commonly damages bones, which is why bone pain and fractures are common.
Can myeloma be cured?
For most people it is treated as a long-term condition that can be controlled rather than cured. Modern treatments can keep it in check for many years.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.