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Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are hard deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain as they move down the urinary tract. They are common in hot climates and with low fluid intake.
Causes & risk factors
- Not drinking enough fluids
- Diet high in salt or oxalate-rich foods
- High uric acid (linked to certain diets)
- Recurrent urine infections
- Family history or certain metabolic conditions
Common symptoms
- Severe back or side (loin) pain
- Pain spreading to the groin
- Blood in urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- Painful urination
- Frequent urge to urinate
Tests & diagnosis
- Urine test
- Ultrasound (KUB)
- CT scan (non-contrast KUB)
- Creatinine
- Uric acid
- Calcium
Treatment & management
- Plenty of fluids to help small stones pass
- Pain relief and anti-sickness medicines
- Medicines to help a stone pass in some cases
- Shockwave therapy (lithotripsy) or keyhole procedures for larger stones
- Preventive advice — more fluids, less salt, dietary changes
When to see a doctor urgently
- Severe pain with fever or chills — urgent (possible infected, blocked kidney)
- Vomiting so bad you cannot keep fluids down
- Blood in the urine with severe pain
- Being unable to pass urine
Frequently asked questions
How can I prevent kidney stones?
Drink plenty of water throughout the day, cut down on salt, and follow any diet advice for your stone type. Staying well hydrated is the single most effective step.
Do all kidney stones need surgery?
No. Many small stones pass on their own with fluids and pain relief. Larger stones, or those causing blockage or infection, may need lithotripsy or a procedure.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.