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Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is "wear and tear" of the joint, where the smooth cartilage that cushions bones gradually thins. It most often affects the knees, hips, hands and spine, especially with age.
Causes & risk factors
- Ageing and long-term joint use
- Being overweight, which loads the knees and hips
- Previous joint injury or surgery
- Repeated squatting, kneeling or heavy lifting (common in Indian households and manual work)
- Family history of arthritis
- Weak muscles around the joint
Common symptoms
- Joint pain that worsens with activity
- Stiffness after resting or in the morning
- Grating or crackling sound in the joint
- Swelling around the joint
- Reduced range of movement
- Knees "giving way" or feeling unstable
Tests & diagnosis
Treatment & management
- Weight loss and low-impact exercise (walking, swimming, cycling)
- Physiotherapy to strengthen surrounding muscles
- Pain-relief medicines and topical gels, as advised
- Hot or cold packs and activity modification
- Joint injections in selected cases
- Joint replacement surgery for advanced, disabling disease
When to see a doctor urgently
- Joint pain that stops you walking or climbing stairs
- A hot, red, very swollen joint (may signal infection)
- Locking, catching or a knee that repeatedly gives way
- Pain not controlled despite rest and simple measures
Frequently asked questions
Does walking make osteoarthritis worse?
No. Gentle, regular walking usually helps by keeping the joint mobile and strengthening muscles. High-impact activity and deep squatting are what tend to aggravate it.
Will I definitely need a knee replacement?
Most people manage well for years with weight control, exercise and medicines. Surgery is considered only when pain and disability are severe despite these measures.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.