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Dementia
Dementia is a gradual decline in memory, thinking and daily function beyond normal ageing. Early diagnosis helps families plan and access support that improves quality of life.
Causes & risk factors
- Alzheimer's disease (the most common cause)
- Reduced blood supply to the brain (vascular dementia)
- Other types such as Lewy body and frontotemporal dementia
- Sometimes mixed causes together
- Risk rises with age, high blood pressure and diabetes
Common symptoms
- Memory loss affecting daily life
- Difficulty with words, planning or familiar tasks
- Getting confused about time or place
- Changes in mood, personality or behaviour
- Withdrawing from work or social life
- Misplacing things and losing track
Tests & diagnosis
- Memory and cognitive assessment
- Thyroid function (TFT)
- Vitamin B12
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- MRI or CT brain scan
Treatment & management
- Treat any reversible contributors (thyroid, B12, medicines)
- Some medicines can help symptoms in certain types
- Structured routines, memory aids and a safe home environment
- Support for carers and access to community services
- Manage blood pressure, diabetes and heart health to protect the brain
- Plan ahead for care, finances and wishes early
When to see a doctor urgently
- Memory or thinking problems affecting daily life — get assessed
- A sudden worsening of confusion — seek prompt care (may be delirium)
- Getting lost, safety risks, or not managing medicines or meals
- Low mood, distress or behaviour that is hard to manage
Frequently asked questions
Is memory loss just normal ageing?
Occasional forgetfulness is normal. Dementia is different — it steadily affects daily life, judgement and familiar tasks. Any persistent or worsening change deserves assessment, as some causes are treatable.
Can dementia be cured?
Most types cannot be cured, but treatment, routines and support can ease symptoms and maintain quality of life. Treating other health problems and staying active and social also help.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.