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Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer develops in the neck of the womb and is nearly always caused by the HPV virus. It is one of the most preventable cancers, thanks to vaccination and screening.
Causes & risk factors
- Persistent infection with high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus)
- Not being screened (Pap smear / HPV test)
- Smoking
- A weakened immune system
- Long-term use of some contraceptives (small effect)
Common symptoms
- Bleeding between periods or after sex
- Bleeding after menopause
- Unusual or blood-stained discharge
- Pelvic pain
- Pain during sex
- Weight loss (advanced disease)
Tests & diagnosis
- Pap smear (cervical screening)
- HPV test
- Colposcopy and biopsy
- MRI scan (staging)
- Complete blood count (CBC)
Treatment & management
- Early changes can be removed before they become cancer
- Surgery to remove the cancer, from local removal to hysterectomy
- Radiotherapy, often combined with chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy for more advanced disease
- HPV vaccination and regular screening prevent most cases
When to see a doctor urgently
- Bleeding after sex, between periods or after menopause — get seen
- Persistent unusual or blood-stained discharge
- Ongoing pelvic pain
- You are overdue for cervical screening
Frequently asked questions
Can cervical cancer be prevented?
Largely, yes. The HPV vaccine (best given before sexual activity begins) plus regular cervical screening to catch and treat early changes prevent the great majority of cases.
Who should get the HPV vaccine?
It is most effective for girls and boys in early adolescence, before exposure to the virus. Some adults may also benefit — your doctor can advise on eligibility.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.