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Tooth Decay (Cavities)
Tooth decay is damage to the tooth caused by acid from plaque bacteria. It creates cavities and, if untreated, leads to pain and infection.
Causes & risk factors
- Frequent sugary or starchy foods and drinks
- Poor brushing and flossing
- Plaque build-up on teeth
- Dry mouth
- Not enough fluoride
- Frequent snacking or sipping sweet drinks
Common symptoms
- Toothache
- Sensitivity to hot, cold or sweet
- Visible holes or pits in teeth
- Brown, black or white staining
- Pain on biting
- Bad breath
Tests & diagnosis
- Dental examination
- Dental X-ray
- Cavity probing
Treatment & management
- Fillings to repair small cavities
- Fluoride treatment for early decay
- Crowns for badly damaged teeth
- Root canal treatment if decay reaches the nerve
- Better brushing, flossing and less sugar to prevent more decay
When to see a doctor urgently
- Persistent toothache or pain on biting
- A visible hole or dark spot on a tooth
- Swelling of the face or gum
- Sensitivity that does not settle
Not a diagnosis. MedDroid gives general educational information about tooth decay (cavities). It cannot examine you, diagnose or prescribe — always confirm with a qualified doctor.
Frequently asked questions
Can early tooth decay be reversed?
Very early decay in the enamel can sometimes be halted or reversed with fluoride and good oral care. Once a cavity forms, though, it needs a filling.
How can I prevent cavities?
Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, clean between teeth, cut down on sugary snacks and drinks, and have regular dental check-ups.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.