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Obesity
Obesity is carrying excess body fat that harms health, usually judged by body mass index (BMI). It raises the risk of diabetes, heart disease and many other conditions.
Causes & risk factors
- Taking in more energy than the body uses over time
- A diet high in sugar, refined carbs and fatty foods
- Low physical activity and long sitting hours
- Genetic and hormonal factors
- Some medicines and conditions (e.g. underactive thyroid)
- Poor sleep and stress
Common symptoms
- Excess weight and a high BMI or waist size
- Breathlessness on exertion
- Joint and back pain
- Tiredness and low energy
- Snoring or disturbed sleep
- Low mood or reduced confidence
Tests & diagnosis
- Blood sugar and HbA1c
- Lipid profile
- Thyroid test
- LFT (for fatty liver)
- BMI and waist measurement
Treatment & management
- A balanced, calorie-controlled diet with dietitian support
- Regular physical activity built up gradually
- Behaviour and sleep support
- Weight-loss medicines in selected people, under medical care
- Bariatric (weight-loss) surgery for severe obesity when other steps have not worked
When to see a doctor urgently
- Difficulty losing weight despite diet and exercise
- Weight linked to diabetes, high BP or sleep apnoea
- Breathlessness, chest pain or severe joint problems
- Interest in medical or surgical weight-loss options
Frequently asked questions
What BMI counts as obesity?
A BMI of 30 or above is generally called obesity, and 25-30 is overweight. For South Asians, lower cut-offs (from about 23 and 27.5) are used, as health risks start at a lower BMI.
Is obesity just about willpower?
No. Genetics, hormones, sleep, stress, medicines and environment all play a part. Effective treatment combines diet, activity and, when needed, medical or surgical help.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.