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Male Infertility
Male infertility means difficulty fathering a child, often due to problems with sperm number, movement or shape. It contributes to about half of all couples’ fertility problems.
Causes & risk factors
- Low sperm count or poor sperm quality
- Varicocele (enlarged scrotal veins)
- Hormone imbalances (low testosterone or others)
- Infections affecting the reproductive tract
- Undescended testes, injury or previous surgery
- Smoking, alcohol, heat and certain medicines
Common symptoms
- Difficulty conceiving after a year of trying
- Often no other symptoms
- Low libido or erection problems in some
- Swelling or a lump in the scrotum
- Reduced facial or body hair (hormone issues)
Tests & diagnosis
- Semen analysis
- Testosterone
- LH, FSH and prolactin
- Scrotal ultrasound
- Blood sugar
Treatment & management
- Treating reversible causes (varicocele, infection, hormone problems)
- Lifestyle changes — stop smoking, limit alcohol, avoid heat
- Medicines for specific hormone problems
- Assisted reproduction (IUI, IVF, ICSI) where needed
- Counselling and support for the couple
When to see a doctor urgently
- Not conceiving after a year of regular unprotected sex (or 6 months if the partner is over 35)
- A scrotal lump, swelling or pain
- Erection or ejaculation problems
- A history of undescended testes, injury or infection
Frequently asked questions
Is infertility usually the woman’s problem?
No. Male factors contribute in about half of couples. Both partners should be assessed together for the best chance of finding and treating the cause.
Can lifestyle improve sperm quality?
Yes. Stopping smoking, limiting alcohol, avoiding excess heat, managing weight and treating infections can all improve sperm quality over a few months.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.