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Ascites
Ascites is a build-up of fluid in the tummy, causing swelling and discomfort. It is most often a sign of advanced liver disease, but can also come from the heart, kidneys or cancer.
Causes & risk factors
- Cirrhosis and advanced liver disease (the commonest cause)
- Heart failure
- Kidney disease with low protein
- Cancers within the abdomen
- Infections such as tuberculosis of the abdomen
Common symptoms
- A swollen, tight or uncomfortable tummy
- Rapid weight gain from fluid
- Breathlessness when the tummy is very full
- Swelling of the legs
- Loss of appetite and early fullness
Tests & diagnosis
- Abdominal ultrasound
- Sampling the fluid (ascitic tap) for tests
- LFT
- Albumin
- Kidney function
Treatment & management
- Treat the underlying cause (usually liver disease)
- A low-salt diet
- Water tablets (diuretics) to remove fluid
- Draining large amounts of fluid (paracentesis) when needed
- Antibiotics if the fluid becomes infected
When to see a doctor urgently
- A rapidly swelling tummy
- Fever with tummy pain (possible infected fluid) — seek urgent care
- Breathlessness or confusion
- Yellow eyes or black stools with the swelling
Frequently asked questions
Why does liver disease cause a swollen tummy?
A scarred liver raises pressure in its blood vessels and lowers protein in the blood, so fluid leaks into the tummy. Treating the liver and lowering salt help control it.
Is draining the fluid a permanent fix?
Draining relieves symptoms, but the fluid usually returns unless the underlying cause is treated. Diet, diuretics and treating the liver are needed alongside.
Explore more
Sources & further reading
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Reviewed by Dr. Sanjay Anbu, MBBS. MedDroid is an AI medical assistant and can make mistakes. It provides general health information, not a diagnosis or medical advice — always consult a qualified clinician. In an emergency, contact your local emergency number immediately.